prefaceApplying industrial waste to polymer composite materials can reduce the demand for petroleum based plastics and the energy used in raw material processing. In addition, by optimizing the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and additives, the mechanical properties of composite materials can also be improved, and additional functions can be introduced based on the structure and properties of solid waste

preface

Applying industrial waste to polymer composite materials can reduce the demand for petroleum based plastics and the energy used in raw material processing. In addition, by optimizing the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and additives, the mechanical properties of composite materials can also be improved, and additional functions can be introduced based on the structure and properties of solid waste.

At present, various industrial waste and by-products have been used as fillers for polymer composites.For example, researchers manually processed polyester resin based composites using industrial scrap iron of different shapes (such as powder particles, spiral fibers, and flakes) and found that all the prepared composites had better mechanical properties than the original polyester based materials.

Spiral fiber reinforced composite materials exhibit the highest compressive strength with minimal density increase, further demonstrating the importance of the form of scrap iron in this process.

In addition to inorganic materials, lignocellulose in industrial and agricultural waste, such as coconut husks, rice husks, textile waste, and palm oil industrial residues, is also considered an effective filler and compatibilizer in polymer composite materials.

For example, researchers studied the effect of crushed palm hollow fruit bundle fibers on the dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy composites.

According to the research results, composite materials filled with 3% fibers show significant enhancement in storage modulus, loss modulus, and glass transition temperature. This indicates that rigid oil palm hollow fruit bundle fibers, as an effective reinforcing agent, limit the free movement of epoxy polymer chains in the composite material.

Nanofillers such as cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are widely recognized as effective methods to improve the mechanical properties of polymer composites, provided that fibers can be well dispersed in the polymer matrix.

Researchers also prepared polymer composites reinforced with cellulose nanofibers using a mixture of CNF and inorganic particles as fillers to enhance their tensile strength and stiffness.

Through hydrogen bonding and other interactions, inorganic particles combine with natural fibers to prevent the formation of fiber clumps, thereby improving the dispersion of fibers in the matrix and improving the mechanical properties of composite materials.

The morphology, EX spectra, and XRD patterns of TRP and EOP samples used in the study are shown below. Various shapes and sizes of particles were observed during the marble manufacturing process. The XRD pattern shows peaks corresponding to magnesium and calcium, with atomic percentages of approximately 2.33% and 16.18%.

According to TRXRD mode, strong diffraction peaks assigned to Calcite are observed, indicating that TP is mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CACO3) as the main mineral stage. A small amount of dolomite (CACO3) and quartz (SiO2) may also exist.TIP is a highly crystalline material composed of various minerals, and is therefore considered a strengthening material for improving the stiffness of polymer resins.

In the study, the extraction of remaining Op was divided into two fractions: multi pulp and multi seed. The article reviews the biochemical components of EOP, EOPP, and EOP-IL samples. Table 1 lists the concentration of cellulose, Hemicellulose and lignin in EOP samples, which are 31.4%, 26.5% and 42.1% respectively.

Compared with EOP and EOPP, the part rich in multiple seeds has a higher content of cellulose and Hemicellulose, 47% and 39% respectively, while the content of cellulose and Hemicellulose is 18% and 21% respectively.The results showed that the lignin content in EPOP was significantly lower than that in EOP, at approximately 13% and 59%, respectively.

In addition to chemical separation of lignocellulosic components, TGA is also used as a rapid technique for studying the high molecular components of lignocellulosic materials. The figure shows the thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric curves of the olive residue sample.

Based on the TG curve, the olive residue sample exhibits two main decomposition steps, which are characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass.

This indicates that the decomposition range of lignin is very wide.

These results are consistent with the results of component analysis. EOP contains a lot of cellulose and Hemicellulose, while EOPP contains more lignin.In further experiments, this study used EPOP as a reinforcing filler for polymer composites for testing and validation.

Granular wood fiber

1. Thermal stability

Fibrosis and fiber vibration are essential steps in improving the performance of lignocellulose in polymer composites.In this work, three different treatment time experiments were conducted on EPOP using a combination of ionic liquid treatment and mechanical fiber vibration treatment.

After 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours of treatment, the yields of EPOP-ILI were 90.2%, 91.4%, and 87.8%, respectively, indicating that even within a longer treatment time, higher yields can be achieved. This result is very important in order to fully utilize waste and obtain high-yield samples.

The figure shows the electrochemical composition and thermal degradation behavior of EPOP before and after fiber vibration. The results of composition analysis showed that the composition of cellulose, Hemicellulose and lignin did not change significantly. This may be due to the influence of other components such as inorganic salts, proteins, etc.

Several new diffraction peaks appeared in the XRD mode after fiber vibration, indicating the formation of ion complexes, which is similar to previous research results.

2. Morphology and particle size distribution of organic luminescent materials

By Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, the untreated EPOP showed a wide particle size distribution with an average diameter of 2.08mm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images also confirmed the presence of particles of uneven size. After 6 hours of treatment, the particle size slightly decreased, but there were still some larger rectangular particles.

As the processing time prolongs, the particle size becomes finer and more uniform, and after 24 hours of processing, it is ultimately crushed to about 1.1 micrometers. By observing the field emission Scanning electron microscope (Fe SEM) image of a single EOPP particle dispersed in ionic liquid,The variation of particle size with processing time can be observed more clearly.

Within a longer processing time, smaller isolated EOPP particles can be observed, and even nanoparticles can be observed in the Fe SEM images of EOPP-ILI.

This clarifies the impact of mechanochemical methods applied to mechanical kneading and ionic liquid treatment on EOPP, which not only effectively removes certain substances in biomass, but also promotes fibrosis and crushing processes.

1. Experimental results and evaluating the adequacy of the model using analysis of variance

The Design matrix and the measured mechanical properties of PP/EOPP-IL24H/trP composites with and without MAPP were evaluated by tensile tests. The analysis of variance method further analyzed the relationship between experimental results and variables and response.

Summarized the possible values (P), including the quadratic model, coefficients, and insufficient values for each response. In addition, the variance (R ^ 2) and standard deviation are also displayed. The Natural logarithm transformation is carried out on the elongation, which is the most suitable transformation method, probably because the range of elongation is from maximum to minimum.

For all models, the P value is significant (< 0.05), but in some cases it may not be significant (P value greater than 0.05). This information indicates that the statistical relationship between independent variables and responses has a confidence level of at least 95%.

In other words, each model successfully predicted and represented data points that were not included in the regression.The adaptability of the model has also received high-level support.

The value of R ^ 2 indicates that the yield strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus are 0.9023, 0.9874, and 0.9571, respectively. In order to further verify the reliability and applicability of the model, the differences between the predicted response and the actual response were plotted.

The results show that the deviation between the predicted value and the actual value is small, indicating that the model has good reliability in predicting experimental data.

2. The effect of filler content on mechanical properties

Based on the experimental results and analysis of variance, and based on the factors predicting the impact of the composition on yield strength, the composite materials with the final regression equation (Y1), elongation (Y2), and Young's modulus (Y3) can be represented by the following quadratic model:

X1, X2 and X3 represent the weight ratio of Paraquat, EOP-IL24H and MAPP respectively.

The influence of filler and additive content on the mechanical properties of composite Strength of materials containing MAPP/PP/trP/IL-EOPP24H can be understood through the analysis of three-dimensional graph and contour graph.

The figure shows that as the content of polytetrafluoroethylene increases, the yield strength of the composite material decreases. However, the addition of MAPP, especially at a weight ratio of approximately 1.5%,Improved compatibility between fillers and polymer matrix, thereby increasing the yield strength of composite materials.

The decrease in elongation during fracture is closely related to the increase in radical party content in Tehran. This trend typically occurs in polymer composites filled with rigid inorganic fillers.

Unlike elongation, due to the addition of silicon trioxide, the Young's modulus significantly increased, exceeding 3GPa and more than twice that of PP.

The positive effect of compatibilizers on yield strength can be observed in a wide range of EOPP-IL24H loads. Specifically, by adding 1.0% to 5.0% EOP-IL24H, composite materials with yield strength equivalent to or higher than PP (31.89MPa) can be obtained.

The increase in yield strength is due to the improvement of filler matrix adhesion. The experimental results indicate that the effect of EOP-IL24H content on fracture elongation and Young's modulus is not significant.

3. Optimal Filler Content and Validation

According to the parameters of the variables listed in the table, perform numerical optimization on the filler content. Considering the goal of obtaining both high mechanical strength composite materials and high packing load, the content of trP and EOP-IL24H is set to the maximum value.

For the response variables, the yield strength and elongation are set to their maximum values, while the Young's modulus is defined as' within range 'because even with low filler loads, it can improve the stiffness of the composite material.

The final research results show that the optimal content is 19.83%, 5%, and 3.32%. In addition, under the optimal conditions, the mechanical properties of the composite material are predicted to be: yield strength of 34.2MPa, elongation of 6.4%, and Young's modulus of 1.81GPa.

By using optimization conditions based on response surface methodology for the preparation of composite materials and conducting validation experiments, the consistency between predicted values and actual results was confirmed. The photo shows the prepared composite material. The yield strength, elongation at fracture, and Young's modulus of PP/trP/EOP-IL24H composite material containing MAPP obtained from the validation experiment are consistent with the predicted values, with negligible errors.

In addition, the yield strength and Young's modulus of the composite material prepared under optimized conditions were higher than those of the original PP, increasing by 6.5% and 46.5%, respectively.Through a series of processes such as model analysis, optimization, and validation experiments, industrial waste polymer composites with high filler load and mechanical strength were successfully prepared.

The main objective of this study is to use marble powder composed of by-products of marble processing - calcium carbonate and wood olive residue - as a mixed filler in polymer composite materials.

The effective defibrillation of EOPP was successfully achieved using solvent-free mechanochemical methods, and PP/trP/EOP-IL24H polymer composites were prepared using MAPP, and the filler content was optimized using response surface methodology.

The combination of mechanical mixing and chemical treatment not only reduces the particle size of EPOP, but also increases the content of cellulose and lignin, which has been effectively enhanced through DLS and TGA studies. MAPP was used to simulate the effect of filler content on the mechanical properties of PP/trP/EOP-IL24H composite Strength of materials.

Through validation experiments, composite materials prepared in the optimal proportion were prepared, and it was confirmed that their mechanical properties were basically consistent with the predicted results, proving that the optimization of the response surface method was successful. The research results provide an effective and economical method for converting industrial waste and by-products into sustainable mixed polymer composite materials.

This composite material can not only replace the use of PP in industrial applications, such as automotive parts and building materials, but also replace household items, including containers and furniture materials.By adopting appropriate waste treatment and recycling methods of polymer composite materials, the lifespan of industrial by-products and waste can be further extended, thereby reducing the demand for raw materials.

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